Association between physical activity, fiber and salt intake with hypertension in adolescents with obesity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53638/phpma.2019.v7.i1.p11Keywords:
hypertension, salt intake, physical activity, adolescent obesityAbstract
Background and purpose: There are indications that the prevalence of obesity among adolescents is increasing which is one of the main factors of hypertension. This study aims to determine the association between hypertension among obese adolescents with physical activity, fiber and salt intake.
Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design among obese adolescents aged 12-15 years. The study was conducted at six public/ private middle schools in the North Denpasar Sub-district, Denpasar City, Bali Province. The samples of 203 children were selected from the results of obesity screening conducted by North Denpasar III Public Health Center (PHC). Data collection was conducted over July-September 2018 with data included social demographics, body weight and height, blood pressure, consumption frequency of vegetables, fruits and high salt content foods, and physical activity carried out in the past week. Data analysis with logistic regression was conducted to determine the association between physical activity, fiber and salt intake with hypertension among obese
adolescents.
Results: This study found that of 203 respondents, 14.8% had hypertension. Multivariate analysis showed that hypertension in obese adolescents was associated with salt intake ≥1500 mg/day with adjusted odd ratio (AOR) of 5.19 (95%CI: 2.20-12.22), inadequate physical activity (AOR=5.87; 95%CI: 1.19-29.00) and inadequate fiber intake (AOR=2.43; 95%CI: 0.27-21.76).
Conclusion: Salt intake ≥1500 mg/day and inadequate physical activity are associated with hypertension among obese adolescents. A reduction in the consumption of processed foods that are high in salt and increasing physical activity would improve adolescent health.
References
Ministry of Health of Indonesia. The 2010 Indonesia Basic Health Research. Jakarta; 2010.
Ministry of Health of Indonesia. The 2013 Indonesia Basic Health Research. Jakarta; 2013.
World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. Geneva; 2017.
Schwiebbe L, Talma H, Renders C. High prevalence of hypertension in obese children in the Caribbean. Paediatrics and International Child Health. 2012; 32(4): 204–7.
Purnami NMD. Prevalensi obesitas dan hubungan antara obesitas dengan kejadian hipertensi dan proteinuria pada anak usia 12-14 tahun di sekolah menengah pertama swasta di Kota Denpasar (Skripsi) [Obesity prevalence and the association of obesity with hypertension and proteinuria among 12-14 years old children in junior high schools in Denpasar City (Undergraduate thesis)]. Universitas Udayana; 2015.
Schwandt P, Scholze J, Bertsch T. Blood pressure percentiles in 22,051 Germany children and adolescents: the PEP Family Heart Study. American Journal of Hypertension. 2015; 28(5): 672-9.
Faienza M, Santoro N, Lauciello R, Calabrò R, Giordani L, DiSalvo G, et al. IGF2 gene variants and risk of hypertension in obese children and adolescents. Pediatric Research. 2010; 67(4): 340–4.
Puchau B, Ochoa M, Zulet M, Marti A. Dietary total antioxidant capacity and obesity in children and adolescents. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2010; 61(7): 713–21.
Benmohammed K, Nguyen MT, Khensal S, Valensi P, Lezzar A. Arterial hypertension in overweight and obese algerian adolescents: Role of abdominal adiposity. Diabetes & Metabolism. 2011; 37: 291–7.
Goldfield GS, Kenny GP, Hadjiyannakis S, Phillips P, Alberga AS, Saunders, et al. Video game playing is independently associated with blood pressure and lipids in overweight and obese adolescents. PLoS One. 2011; 6(11): 1–6.
Siklar Z, Berberoglu M, Erdeve S, Hacihamdioglu B, Ocal G, Egin Y, et al. Contribution of clinical, metabolic, and genetic factors on hypertension in obese children and adolescents. Journal Pediatric Endocrine. 2011; 24(1-2): 21–4.
Souza-Costa D, Belo V, Silva P. eNOS haplotype associated with hypertension in obese children and adolescents. International Journal of Obesity. 2011; 35(3): 387–92.
Fattah L, Sulchan M. Asupan tinggi natrium dan berat badan lahir sebagai faktor risiko kejadian hipertensi obesitas pada remaja awal. Journal of Nutrition College. 2012; 1(1): 127–33.
Gopinath B, Baur LA, Hardy LL, Kifley A, Rose KA, Wong TY, et al. Relationship between a range of sedentary behaviours and blood pressure during early adolescence. Journal of Human Hypertension. 2012; 26(6): 350–6.
Lemes V, Neves A, Guazzelli I, Frazzatto E, Nicolau C, Corrêa-Giannella M, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism is associated with increased adiposity and blood pressure in obese children and adolescents. Gene. 2013; 532(2): 197–202.
Sulchan M. Consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and hypertension in obese children. Paediatrica Indonesiana. 2014; 54(4): 236–44.
Hannon T, Gupta S, Li Z, Eckert G. The effect of body mass index on blood pressure varies by race among obese children. Journal Pediatric Endocrine Metabolic. 2015; 28(5-6): 533–8.
Permanasari Y, Aditiant. Konsumsi makanan tinggi kalori dan lemak tetapi rendah serat dan aktivitas fisik kaitannya dengan kegemukan pada anak usia 5 – 18 tahun di Indonesia [The association of consumption of high calories and fat but low fiber food and physical activities with obesity among 5-18 years children in Indonesia]. Penelitan Gizi dan Makanan. 2017; 40(2): 95–104.
Suryawan ZF. Analisis faktor yang berhubungan dengan hipertensi pada remaja [Analysis of factors associated with hypertension among teenagers]. Jurnal Keperawatan Muhammadiyah. 2019; 4(1): 136-149.
Santoso A. Serat pangan (dietary fiber) dan manfaatnya bagi kesehatan [Dietary fiber and the benefits for health]. Magistra. 2011; 23(75): 35–40.
World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory (GHO) data: Prevalence of insufficient physical activity. Geneva; 2018.
World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Geneva; 2000.
Falkner B, Daniels S, Flynn J, Gidding S. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004; 114(2): 555-576.
Ministry of Health of Indonesia. Angka kecukupan gizi yang dianjurkan bagi rakyat Indonesia [Recommended dietary allowances for Indonesian population]. Jakarta; 2013.
Yang Q, Zhang Z, Kuklina E, Fang J, Ayala C, Hong Y, et al. Sodium intake and blood pressure among US children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2012; 130(4): 611–9.
Samadian F, Dalili N, Jamalian A. Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. Kidney Diseases. 2016; 10(5): 237–63.
World Health Organization. Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva; 2018
Sulfa UF, Sulchan M, Fitranti DY. Makanan padat energi dan rendah mikronutrien sebagai faktor risiko kejadian obesitas pada remaja stunted usia 12-15 tahun di Kota Semarang (Skripsi) [High energy and low micronutrient foods as risk factors of obesity among stunted teenagers aged 12-15 years old in Semarang City (Undergraduate thesis)]. Universitas Diponegoro; 2017.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Ni Luh Putu Sudiasih, Dewa Nyoman Wirawan, I Gusti Lanang Sidiartha
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
**Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)**
*Welcome to the world of open collaboration and shared creativity! The Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) empowers creators to share their work with the world while maintaining certain rights.*
**Key Points:**
1. **Freedom to Share:** CC BY 4.0 allows creators to share their work globally, granting others the freedom to use, remix, and build upon it.
2. **Attribution Requirement:** Users can use the work for any purpose, even commercially, as long as they provide appropriate credit to the original creator.
3. **Flexibility:** Applicable to various content types—text, images, music, videos—the license fosters a diverse range of creations.
**Common Use Cases:**
- **Education:** Widely used for educational materials, promoting open learning environments.
- **Research:** Applied to scholarly articles, accelerating the dissemination of knowledge.
**How to Use:**
1. **Share:** Share your work with the world, marking it with the CC BY 4.0 license.
2. **Attribution:** Users, when utilizing the work, must provide proper attribution to honor the original creator.
**Conclusion:**
CC BY 4.0 contributes to a more open and collaborative digital landscape. Join the movement of shared knowledge and creativity!
*For full license details, visit [Creative Commons](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).*
