Weight gain during pregnancy and low birth weight babies: a retrospective cohort study in Gianyar District, Bali
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53638/phpma.2019.v7.i1.p10Keywords:
Low birth weight, IOM, weight gain, anemiaAbstract
Background and purpose: Low birth weight (LBW) is a major causal factor for neonatal and perinatal mortality. The aim of this study is to determine the risk of LBW incidence in pregnant women with weight gain not in accordance with the Institute of Medicine (IOM) standards.
Methods: This study used a retrospective cohort design with data obtained from three Public Health Centres (PHCs) in Gianyar District over the period of January-December 2017. Samples in this study were 186 pregnant women with the following criteria: complete data on the mother’s medical record, had an antenatal care visit in the first trimester and at the end of the third trimester, at term delivery, not giving birth to twins and no complications during pregnancy. The sample size was determined with 95% confidence level, 80% power, the proportion of LBW in the group of inadequate weight gain of 26%, the proportion of LBW in the group of adequate weight gain of 9% and a relative risk (RR) estimate of 3.0. Data extracted from medical record consisted of weight gain, pre-pregnancy weight, height, upper arm circumference, hemoglobin level, employment, age, parity and birth weight. The cumulative incidence of LBW was calculated to determine the RR. Multivariate analysis with binary logistic regression was conducted to determine the adjusted RR (ARR).
Results: The incidence of LBW in the group whose weight gain during pregnancy not in accordance with IOM standards was 59%, while those in accordance with the standards were 8.2% with RR=7.22 (95%CI: 3.96–13.19). The ARR for those with weight gain during pregnancy not in accordance with IOM standards was 15.33 (95%CI: 5.82-40.38). The incidence of LBW in the anemia group was 49% and not anemia group was 10%. The RR and ARR values for LBW in the anemia group were 4.72 (95%CI: 2.66-8.36) and 6.66 (95%CI: 2.53-17.53) respectively.
Conclusion: Mothers experiencing weight gain during pregnancy that was not in accordance with IOM standards and anemia were found to increase the risk of LBW. Monitoring of weight gain during pregnancy should be implemented using the IOM standards and anemia prevention among pregnant mothers should be enhanced.
References
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and WorldHealth Organization (WHO). Low birthweight: country, regional and global estimates. UNICEF. New York; 2004.
National Demographic and Family Planning Agency. Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia 2017 [The 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey]. Jakarta; 2017.
Ministry of Health of Indonesia. Hasil Utama Riskesdas 2018 [The main results of the 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Research]. Jakarta; 2018.
Ministry of Health of Indonesia. Riset Kesehatan Dasar Tahun 2013 [The 2013 Indonesia Basic Health Research].Jakarta; 2013.
Mann J, Truswell SA. Buku Ajar Ilmu Gizi [Teaching Book of Nutrition]. 4th ed. Jakarta: Buku Kedokteran EGC; 2014.
Marmi. Gizi dalam kesehatan reproduksi [Nutrition in reproductive health]. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar; 2013.
Ministry of Health of Indonesia. Pedoman Pemantauan Wilayah Setempat Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak (PWS-KIA) [Guidelines for local monitoring of mother and child health]. Hermawan L, Yussianto A, editors. Jakarta: Ministry of Health of Indonesia; 2010. 1-76 p.
Institute of Medicine (IOM) dan National Research Council (NRC). Weight gain during pregnancy: reexaming the guidelines. Committee Opinion. Washington DC; 2009.
Kusumawati E. Tinjauan sistematis terhadap faktor risiko kejadian berat badan lahir rendah di Indonesia [Sistematic evaluation on risk factors of low birth weight in Indonesia]. Journal of Health Science and Prevention. 2017;1(1).
Suryati. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kejadian BBLR di Wilayah Air Dingin tahun 2015 [Factors that influence the incidence of low birth weight in Air Dingin Area year 2015]. Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas. 2014;3(2):152–71.
Fabella K, Angraini, Isti D, Carolina N, Sukohar A. Hubungan pertambahan berat badan ibu selama hamil dengan berat bayi lahir rendah [The association of maternal body weight increase and the incidence of low birth weight]. Jurnal Majority. 2015;4(3):52–7.
Papazian T, Tayeh GA, Sibai D, Hout H, Melki I, Khabbaz LR. Impact of maternal body mass index and gestational weight gain on neonatal outcomes among healthy Middle-Eastern females. PLoS ONE. 2017;12 (7):1–13.
Hung T-H, Hsieh T-T. Pregestational body mass index, gestational weight gain, and risks for adverse pregnancy outcomes among Taiwanese women: A retrospective cohort study. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2016
Nurhayati E. Indeks massa tubuh (IMT) pra hamil dan kenaikan berat badan ibu selama hamil berhubungan dengan berat badan bayi lahir [Body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight increase are associated with the baby birth weight]. Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan Indonesia. 2016;4(1):1.
Aea G, Mai H, Demmouche A. Epidemiology of low birth weight in the Town of Sidi Bel Abbes (West of Algeria): A case-control study. Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences. 2014;4(3):3–7.
Sulistyawati. Asuhan kebidanan pada masa kehamilan [Midwifery care during pregnancy]. Jakarta: Salemba Medika; 2011.
Nurbaiti. Kekurangan energi kronik (KEK) dan anemia pada ibu hamil terhadap kelahiran BBLR di Kabupaten Aceh Besar [The association of chronic energy deficiency and anemia among pregnant mothers with low birth weight in Aceh Besar District]. Jurnal Kesehatan Ilmiah Nasuwakes. 2016;9(2):299–310.
Maryam S. Gizi dalam kesehatan reproduksi [Nutrition in reproductive health]. Jakarta: Salemba Medika; 2016.
Putri C, Fatimah S, Rahfiludin MZ. Faktor–faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian berat badan lahir rendah (BBLR) di Kabupaten Kudus [Factors associated with the incidence of low birth weight in Kudus District]. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. 2017;5(1):322–31.
Rini SS, Trisna. Faktor-faktor risiko kejadian berat bayi lahir rendah di wilayah kerja Unit Pelayanan Terpadu Kesmas Gianyar II [Risk factors of low birth weight in the working area of Gianyar II Public Health Center]. E-Journal Medika Udayana. 2015;4(4):1–4.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Putu Riza Kurnia Indriana, Luh Putu Suariyani, Ni Ketut Sutiari
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
**Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)**
*Welcome to the world of open collaboration and shared creativity! The Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) empowers creators to share their work with the world while maintaining certain rights.*
**Key Points:**
1. **Freedom to Share:** CC BY 4.0 allows creators to share their work globally, granting others the freedom to use, remix, and build upon it.
2. **Attribution Requirement:** Users can use the work for any purpose, even commercially, as long as they provide appropriate credit to the original creator.
3. **Flexibility:** Applicable to various content types—text, images, music, videos—the license fosters a diverse range of creations.
**Common Use Cases:**
- **Education:** Widely used for educational materials, promoting open learning environments.
- **Research:** Applied to scholarly articles, accelerating the dissemination of knowledge.
**How to Use:**
1. **Share:** Share your work with the world, marking it with the CC BY 4.0 license.
2. **Attribution:** Users, when utilizing the work, must provide proper attribution to honor the original creator.
**Conclusion:**
CC BY 4.0 contributes to a more open and collaborative digital landscape. Join the movement of shared knowledge and creativity!
*For full license details, visit [Creative Commons](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).*
